@Article{CasagrandeFinSouMouLeo:2023:AnSeIc,
               author = "Casagrande, Fernanda and Finotti, Elis{\^a}ngela and Souza, 
                         Ronald Buss de and Moura, Regiane and Leonardo, Noeli Franchi",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto de Pesquisas 
                         Energ{\'e}ticas e Nucleares (IPEN)}",
                title = "Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration in the Brazilian Earth System 
                         Model Simulations",
              journal = "Journal of Geoscience And Environment Protection",
                 year = "2023",
               volume = "11",
               number = "09",
                pages = "1--19",
             keywords = "Southern Ocean, Climate Models, Satellite, CMIP5 Simulations, 
                         Climate, Validation.",
             abstract = "Sea ice is an important and complex component of the Earths 
                         system, acting as both an indicator and an amplifier of climate 
                         change. Here, we investigated the ability of the Brazilian Earth 
                         System Model (BESM-OA2.5) and four state-of-the-art climate models 
                         participating in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model 
                         Intercomparison Project, Version 5 (CMIP5) to represent the 
                         Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration (SIC) seasonal cycle. We validated 
                         the sea ice models performance using satellite data from 1980 to 
                         2005 and calculated the skill and RMSE of each model. BESM-OA2.5 
                         results for melt-freeze transitions in the Southern Ocean are 
                         consistent with CMIP5 models and satellite data. In February, when 
                         the sea ice reaches its annual minimum, the BESM-OA2.5 has the 
                         best fit among the models. However, in September, when the 
                         Antarctic sea ice reaches its annual maximum, the SIC simulated by 
                         BESM-OA2.5 indicated the largest area covered by ice compared to 
                         satellite, particularly on the Polar Front. Similar results were 
                         found in the CMIP5 models evaluated here. We suggest that the 
                         large bias simulated in the Polar Front is related to the 
                         inability of the sea ice model to represent the complex ocean- 
                         atmosphere-sea ice interactions. The subject is considered a hot 
                         topic in climate change studies and lacks conclusive answers.",
                  doi = "10.4236/gep.2023.119001",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gep.2023.119001",
                 issn = "2327-4336 and 2327-4344",
                label = "lattes: 9240753968751215 1 CasagrandeFinSouMouLeo:2023:AnSeIc",
             language = "pt",
           targetfile = "gep_2023083115071803.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "06 maio 2024"
}